Questions
Q1. Recently NITI Aayog released a draft on Artificial Intelligence and proposed for the need of a regulating body for governing the various aspects of AI. Discuss the need for the regulation of AI and thereby highlight the limitations in implementing the same. (250 words) 15 marks
Q2. What is quantum computing and what steps are taken by India to promote it. Also discuss the challenges involved in promoting quantum computing. (10 marks)
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Model Solutions
Q1. Recently NITI Aayog released a draft on Artificial Intelligence and proposed for the need of a regulating body for governing the various aspects of AI. Discuss the need for the regulation of AI and thereby highlight the limitations in implementing the same. (250 words) 15 marks
Model Structure
Introduction:
- Artificial intelligence (AI) is the ability of a computer or a robot controlled by a computer to do tasks that are usually done by humans.
- AI is rapidly evolving with an increasing role in many fields. Hence, NITI Aayog released a draft on Artificial Intelligence and proposed the need for regulation of AI.
Main Body
Need for regulations of Artificial intelligence:
- Purposeful Data Limitation: AI will generate a large amount of big data.
- The purpose limitation principle means that the reason for processing personal data needs to be clearly delineated to safeguards the user’s interest.
- Confidentiality: The process of storage & processing should ensure adequate personal data protection of individuals as per Article 21 of the constitution.
- Moreover, since data is the new oil, it should be preserved from misuse.
- Privacy Issues: AI can easily track an individual's daily life including online activities along with their daily business in the real world with Cameras, GPS etc.
- Manipulation of Consumer behavior: By tracking online activities of an individual, AI can influence the online users choices by showing them posts/advertisements as per given algorithm.
- Manipulation of Public Opinion: Algorithms can manipulate the public opinion of digital masses. Social media currently uses the same algorithm.
- For example, influencing the outcome of the 2016 U.S. presidential election and the U.K.'s Brexit.
Limitations of regulations implementation:
- For example, influencing the outcome of the 2016 U.S. presidential election and the U.K.'s Brexit.
- Vagueness between Law and AI: Legal and regulatory frameworks typically operate around a clear sense of who is acting, what their mindset was at the time of the action and where the act takes place.
- Responsibility: AI systems have the capability to learn from experience and to perform autonomously for humans.
- Fixing accountability: In cases where a task is performed with the combination of AI and Human labor, fixing the accountability is a difficult task.
- For example, if electricity supply suddenly stops while a robot is performing a surgery under supervision of a doctor, then who should be held accountable? The electricity unit, the AI designer or the doctor?
- Futuristic complexities: AI has the power to learn from its own experiences and grow multi-fold.
- Hence,we still do not know all the pitfalls associated which can arise in future.
- Therefore, it becomes a challenge to codify the problems which might occur in future.
- Lack of AI human resource in India: India lacks Artificial Intelligence Experts. As per 2020, there are less than 400 PhDs of AI in India.
Way forward: - Regulation of generated Data: Governments need to regulate the data generation and sharing to better guide AI development.
- Designer regulation: AI Coders pose a real threat, if they lack integrity and their personal bias is given to the AI during its process of development.
- Machine optimization rules: It must be sufficiently regulated and overseen, to ensure they are not abused.
- Without proper optimization, AI may be used to influence even a presidential election.
Conclusion:
- With Artificial intelligence progressing at a rapid pace and infiltrating every sector, its growth poses significant challenges for both companies and the bodies that regulate them.
Q2. What is quantum computing and what steps are taken by India to promote it. Also discuss the challenges involved in promoting quantum computing. (10 marks)
Model Structure
Introduction
- Quantum computing is a field of computing which works at quantum level and uses properties like superposition, entanglement and interference to perform complex tasks and calculations. It expresses the distinctive way in which matter and energy behave at atomic and subatomic level.
Main Body
- Quantum computing follows principles of quantum physics and uses quantum bits or qubits, as opposed to classical computing which follows classical physics and processes information in ‘1s’ and ‘0s’ i.e binary. There are some programs and initiatives to promote quantum computing like-
- QuEST or Quantum Enabled Science and Technology launched by the Department of Science and Technology to develop infrastructure and improve research in this field.
- The National Mission on Quantum Technologies and Applications was launched to build up a skilled workforce of 25,000 people in this field in the next 5 years. Areas that will receive a push include quantum key distribution, encryption, quantum sensing, quantum communication etc.
- Quantum Computer Simulator toolkit at a higher level to provide a research environment to academicians, research scholars and other scientific communities.
- Work by the Department of Space lab demonstrating quantum entanglement using quantum key distribution.
- This is a promising field with a lot of scope but some issues remain which plague its progress. Some of them are-
- Quantum computers require a lot of energy for cooling upto a little above absolute zero temperature. If this is not done, then heat generates error in qubits.
- Interference is high in quantum computers which further causes errors in quantum calculations and algorithms.
- Lack of skilled and trained workforce is another issue which affects quick development of further technologies in quantum computing.
- India also lacks resources, raw materials and capability to domestically manufactured quantum computing hardwares which makes it import-dependent.
Conclusion
- Nanotechnology is an evolving field in which a lot of funding needs to be done for research and development so that it can be understood in total. To ensure that science is used for the sustainable benefit of humanity and it doesn't cause harm to the environment, better research facilities are required.