C7 Challenges to Social Transformation

Topics of interest for CSE

1. Crisis of development: displacement, environmental problems and sustainability.
2. Poverty, deprivation, and inequalities.
3. Violence against women.
4. Caste conflicts.
5. Ethnic conflicts, communalism, religious revivalism.
6. Illiteracy and disparities in education.
   

C-PERKS - Change, Politics, Economy, Religion, Kinship, Stratification

Globalisation

• Change - Buy local trends. Increasing protectionism.
• Politics - Farmer protests show that mass mobilisation in agrarian economies is still powerful.
• Economy - Top 1% own 44% of global wealth. Agrarian transition needs to be managed well to ensure inclusive and equitable growth.
• Religion - Rising fundamentalist violence in France due to increased immigration.
• Kinship - Rising rates of divorce and conflict due to people choosing their own partners in India.
• Stratification - Entrenched inequality and frozen mobility. Sandel. Development of underdevelopment. India and Bharat.

Displacement

22 million people displaced and of them 40% are tribals.

• Change - Forest Rights Act 2006 provides Gram Sabha the right to refuse. Vedanta project scrapped in OD.
• Politics - 46% of Patta rights of tribals denied.
• Economy - Double whammy, displaced to facilitate development and then excluded from the benefits of that development.
• Religion - Destroys little traditions rooted in region.
• Kinship - People loose contact with close relatives due to displacement.
• Stratification - Rise in homelessness, poverty and lack of adequate compensation. Become migrant labour in cities. Live in slums.

Environmental Issues

BGREI - Bringing Green Revolution to Eastern India

• Change - Agricultural commercialisation leading to soil stress, tech treadmill and increasing debt trap.
• Politics - Precautionary principle by courts, NCAP, Paris deal.
• Economy - Environmental adaptation costing. Loss and damage as part of the Paris deal.
• Religion - Sacred groves under threat. Navdanya as eco-feminism.
• Kinship -
• Stratification - Green

Women

• Change - 4th wave feminism. Me too movement.
• Politics - 12% in Parliament. AG says more female justices needed.
• Economy - 25% wage gap. 15% owners in agri, 65% labour.
• Religion - Sabarimala verdict uphold human dignity over religious freedom.
• Kinship - Divorce rate of 1.3%. NCRB: Married women 17% of suicides. Jesse Bernard.
• Stratification - Patriarchal mindset - SC judge asks rapist to visit victim.

Poverty

• 10th Agri Census in 2015 found that 86% of all farmers are small and marginal.
• Average landholding in India is 1.08 ha and declining.
• Change - Commercial agriculture leading to increasing debt for farmers.
• Politics - Social programmes like PMAY, NFSA, MGNREGS are core promises.
• Economy - Bhagwati Sen debate on top down or bottom up development. Covid forced bottom up approach.
• Religion -
• Kinship -
• Stratification -

Deprivation

• From 2015-19 PB Govt has rejected almost 60% of cases of farmer suicide as ineligible.
• Change -Politics -Economy -Religion -Kinship -Stratification

Inequality

• Oxfam Poverty report 2018 said that the top 1% of India cornered more than 70% of the total wealth generated in the year.
• Change -Politics -Economy -Religion -Kinship -Stratification -

Caste conflicts

• The best criminal policy is a good social policy - Franz von Liszt
• Change - Oliver Mendelsohn. Forms of Dalit atrocities changing.
• Politics - AJGAR castes ignoring conflicts and coming together to grab power. MNS.
• Economy -
• Religion -
• Kinship -
• Stratification - Caste based stratification still strong as recent case of Dalit beaten to death in UP for riding a horse in his wedding shows.

Communalism

Change -Politics -Economy -Religion -Kinship -Stratification -

Religious revival

Change -Politics -Economy -Religion -Kinship -Stratification -

Secularism

French model of secularism - laicite.

Change -Politics -Economy -Religion -Kinship -Stratification -

Ethnic Conflicts

Change -Politics -Economy -Religion -Kinship -Stratification -

Illiteracy

• Change - 90% literacy in India in 18-24 age group. But low learning outcomes ASER report.
• Politics - HR, RJ laws that makes matriculation necessary for PRI elections. Aimed to push literacy. 4 MPs in 17th LS 5th pass.
• Economy -  Huebler: Positive correlation between literacy and GDP growth.
• Religion - Illiteracy at 32% in muslims, 26% average. Jains 95% and Christians 85% literate.
• Kinship - SRS: TFR in illiterate women touches 3. Graduates - 1.7. NFHS: literacy delays marriage.
• Stratification - Excluded from credentialed economic market. EO Wright. Illiteracy in women at 34% as compared to 18% men. Literacy in Dalits at 66% compared to 74% average.
  

Disparities in Education

• Rakesh Maurya - phenomenological study systematic exclusion of Dalit students in UP colleges.
• Change - Covid19 pushed digital education to limits. Infrastructure inadequate. Case of Aishwarya Reddy.
• Politics - NEP2020 aiming to make education more responsive and skill oriented.
• Economy - Low skilling rate in India, at 2.5%. Demographic dividend may not be fully realised.
• Religion - Sachar Committee says that muslims have lowest literacy rate as a religious community.
• Kinship - NFHS4 data shows that increasing education delays marriage age for women.
• Stratification - Development in India has favoured the urban educated groups. Y Singh.
  

FACTS:Urbanisation: Isher Judge Ahluwalia

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