Questions
- Examine the correlation between migration and labour woes. (20 Marks)
- Write a Sociological Narrative on Smart Cities. (10 Marks)
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Model Structures
Q1. Examine the correlation between migration and labour woes. (20 Marks)
Introduction
- Migration for employment (provide data for better impact)
Main Body
(Note: The question is not India-specific. So talk about both domestic and International aspects)
Problems of domestic migrant labour (give examples wherever possible):
- Vulnerability
- Exploitation
- Possibilities of ending up as bonded labourers
- Language barriers
- Sons of soil concept threatening the existence of migrants
- Lack of state machinery to support these workers
- They are sort of state-less
- Kalpana Kannabiran opines that policies do not take into account the cultures and lives of the Adivasi people
- Leading to forced migration, such policies have only aggravated the marginalization of Adivasi women and abetted their exploitation by labour contractors, especially in urban environments.
- Around 1.84 crore bonded labourers are estimated to be trapped in deplorable work conditions across India.
- Of these, a majority belongs to Scheduled Tribes (STs) from rural and distressed regions, having migrated in search of sustenance and usually employed in brick kilns, carpet industries, mines, and plantation and construction work.
- Due to caste hierarchies, such people are trapped in bonded labour and are unable to find secure work
Problems of international migrant labour (give examples wherever possible):
- Contract outsourcing by trans-national companies leading to lack of long-term stability for international workers
- Ethnicization of work space
- No long-term stability
- Social security issues
- Workers in developed countries facing racism
- E.g Workers in West Asia facing human rights violations and inhumane working conditions.
Q2. Write a Sociological Narrative on Smart Cities. (10 Marks)
Introduction
- Definition: Use of IoT, Data driven tech in Urban Planning
Main Body
- Functions of Smart Cities:
- Connected Citizens - organic solidarity (Durkheim)
- Smart Education, Smart Health facilities, Smart Grievance redressal etc - Role of Legal Rationality authority is enhanced - 3A (accessibility, affordability, availability)
- Women as consumer of data - digital divide reduces - cultural Restriction of patriarchy Reduces (Sylvia Walby)
- Technology as an agent of change - CCTVs causing less cases of Deviance among the community members.
- Faster justice delivery mechanism - instill faith in legal social actions (Bureaucracy)
- Social mobility of Slum dwellers - improved access to Life chances in a much efficient manner.
- Dysfunctions:
- The dominant class in the power structure benefits.
- Continuity of traditional social action leads to breakdown of Modernity - Patriarchy and Caste.
