Questions
- Fundamentalism and communalism are tributaries and the distributaries of the same river. Comment. (20 Marks)
- Industrialisation has had an effect on the family structure and consequently impacted kinship relations. Discuss. (10 Marks)
Download Model Structures PDF
Model Structures
Q1. Fundamentalism and communalism are tributaries and the distributaries of the same river. Comment. (20 Marks)
Introduction
- Fundamentalism refers to the form of a religion that upholds belief in the strict, literal interpretation of scripture whereas Communalism attempts to construct religious or ethnic identity, incite strife between people identified as different communities and to stimulate communal violence between these groups.
Main Body
- Fundamentalism and communalism have certain ideological elements in common.
- They both attack separation of religion from state and politics.
- They believe in supremacy of their religion and do not feel any religion is equal to theirs.
- Both oppose the concept of equal truth in all religions or the unity of different religions.
- Both advocate control over education by the followers of the dominant religion.
- Difference between the two:
Q2. Industrialisation has had an effect on the family structure and consequently impacted kinship relations. Discuss. (10 Marks)
Introduction
- Industrialisation refers to the shift from an agricultural economy to one that is based on factory production.
- Industrialisation led to the growth of urban centres and had a significant impact on traditional families.
Main Body
- Before industrialisation, families were units of production and considered to be multifunctional.
- After industrialisation and urbanisation, families could not perform all the functions they had to before and some of them were taken over by other institutions.
- Families continued to reproduce only main functions and became isolated nuclear as Parsons suggested in his research.
- Family became a unit of consumption.
- Further, the industrialization demanded higher geographical mobility which led to a reduction of kinship network and the appearance of a nuclear family which was better fitted to that time.
- Families didn't need such support that they needed before from their relatives. Also the appearance of social mobility gave people opportunities to get higher qualifications and created division of labour.
- Both these processes changed not only the structure of the family but also relationships within families. Women and children were stepped aside from work in order to perform family’s functions and men were seen as breadwinners.
- And if Functionalists see these changes in family structure necessary in order to cope with all the changes around and be the best fit for the society, Marxists see them differently. They see the main function of the family is reproducing the social conditions and the appearance of new forms of families with these processes will help to better reproduce labour power, give emotional support for workers and help children to socialise in the world of inequality.
- For feminists, Oakley, industrialisation gave the beginning of women's primary role as caretakers and domestic laborers.
